Document Type

Article

Publication Date

12-11-2021

Department

Engineering

Keywords

levelized cost of energy, load/generation balance, net-zero energy campus, net-zero energy district, sustainable energy building design

Abstract

Given the enormous impact of buildings on energy consumption, it is important to continue the development of net-zero energy districts. Opportunities exist for energy efficiency and renewable energy on a district level that may not be feasible in individual buildings. Due to the intermittent nature of many renewable energy sources, net-zero energy districts are dependent on the energy grid. The novelty of this work is to quantify and optimize the economic cost and grid independence of a net-zero energy district using the National Western Center (NWC) in Denver, CO, USA as a case study. The NWC is a 100+ ha campus undergoing a major redevelopment process with a planned 170,000 m2 of total building space, an emphasis on sustainability, and a net-zero energy goal. Campus plans, building energy models, and renewable energy performance models of on-site solar, biomass, and thermal renewable energy sources are analyzed in multiple energy scenarios to achieve net-zero energy with and without on-site energy storage. Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is optimized as a function of variables defining the energy and economic relationship with the grid. Discussion herein addresses trade-offs between net-zero energy scenarios in terms of energy load, LCOE, storage, and grid dependence.

Source Publication Title

Buildings

Publisher

MDPI (Basel, Switzerland)

Volume

11

Issue

12

First Page

638

DOI

10.3390/buildings11120638

Download

Share

COinS